Creatinina plasmática medida por método enzimático y estimulación del filtrado glomerular con la fórmula Full-Age-Spectrum, en una población pediátrica ambulatoria de la Argentina / Plasma creatinine measured by enzymatic method and estimation of glomerular filtration rate using the Full-Age-Spectrum equation in a pediatric outpatient population in Argentina

Introducción: el método recomendado para la medición de creatinina plasmática (Cr) es el enzimático, que permite obtener la tasa de filtrado glomerular estimado (TFGe) con la fórmula Full-Age-Spectrum (FAS) para todas las edades, al normalizar la TFGe con valores poblacionales de Cr. Objetivos: obtener valores poblacionales de Cr medida con un método enzimático y evaluar la fórmula FAS, en una población pediátrica ambulatoria de la Argentina, puesto que no existen publicaciones al respecto en nuestro país. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal, por muestreo consecutivo. Se consideró la población pediátrica ambulatoria de 2 a 17 años que concurrió una sola vez, entre 07/2018 y 11/2021 al laboratorio del Hospital Municipal (Bahía Blanca, Argentina) con petición médica de Cr. Se evaluó la distribución poblacional de Cr. Se comparó FAS original (FAS-Belga) con FAS normalizada con valores locales de Cr (FAS-Local). Resultados: se estudiaron 2793 individuos. Los varones tuvieron un valor de Cr superior al de las mujeres a los 16 y 17 años. La TFGe fue menor con FAS-Local que con FAS-Belga [mediana (RI) mL/min/1,73 m2 : 107,3 (22,9) vs. 117,0 (26,5); p=0,0001; rbis=0,87 (tamaño del efecto grande)]. Del análisis del gráfico de Bland-Altman y el índice de concordancia Kappa se obtuvo que FAS-Local no fue comparable con FAS-Belga. Conclusiones: los valores poblacionales de Cr, medida con un método enzimático, son los primeros en obtenerse en una población pediátrica ambulatoria argentina. Dichos valores son necesarios para aplicar FAS en la Argentina (AU)

Introduction: the recommended test for the measurement of plasma creatinine (Cr) is the enzymatic method, which allows calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with the Full-Age-Spectrum (FAS) equation for all ages, by normalizing the eGFR with population Cr values. Objectives: to obtain population Cr values measured with an enzymatic method and to evaluate the FAS equation in an pediatric outpatient population in Argentina, since there are no reports on this subject in our country. Material and methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional, consecutive sampling study. The pediatric outpatient population aged 2 to 17 years who attended only once to the laboratory of the Municipal Hospital (Bahía Blanca, Argentina) between 07/2018 and 11/2021 with medical request for Cr measurement. The population distribution of Cr was evaluated. The original FAS (FAS-Belgian) was compared to FAS normalized with local Cr values (FAS-Local). Results: 2793 individuals were studied. Males had a higher Cr value than females at 16 and 17 years of age. The eGFR was lower with FAS-Local than with FAS-Belgian [median (IQR) mL/min/1.73 m2: 107.3 (22.9) vs. 117.0 (26.5); p=0.0001; rbis=0.87 (large effect size)]. Analysis of the Bland-Altman plot and the Kappa concordance index showed that FAS-Local was not comparable to FAS-Belgian. Conclusions: population Cr values, measured with an enzymatic method, are the first to be obtained in an Argentine pediatric outpatient population. These values are necessary to apply the FAS in Argentina (AU)

Could outcomes of intracranial aneurysms be better predict using serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate?

Purpose: To analyze the role of serum creatinine levels as a biomarker of intracranial aneurysm outcomes. Methods: This is a prospective analysis of outcomes of patients with intracranial aneurysm. One hundred forty-seven patients with serum creatinine at admission and 6 months follow up were included. Linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess outcome. Results: Creatinine level was not directly related to aneurysm outcome nor aneurysm rupture (p > 0.05). However, patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) lower than 72.50 mL·min­1 had an odds ratio (OR) of 3.049 (p = 0.006) for worse outcome. Similarly, aneurysm rupture had an OR of 2.957 (p = 0.014) for worse outcomes. Stepwise selection model selected 4 variables for outcomes prediction: serum creatinine, sex, hypertension and treatment. Hypertensive patients had, on average, an increase in 0.588 in mRS (p = 0.022), while treatment with microsurgery had a decrease in 0.555 (p = 0.038). Conclusions: Patients with higher GFR had better outcomes after 6 months. Patients with higher GFR had better outcomes after 6 months. Creatinine presented an indirect role in GFR values and should be included in models for outcome prediction.

Effect of kefir on increased apoptosis in liver and kidney in cisplatin toxicity / Efecto del kéfir sobre el aumento de la apoptosis en el hígado y los riñones en la toxicidad del cisplatino

SUMMARY: Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent inducing liver and kidney damage. In this study, we intended to investigate the impact of kefir beverage, an essential probiotic and functional food, on liver and kidney damage induced by cisplatin. Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: Control, Cisplatin (single dose of 7 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), Kefir (2 ml/d, 7 d, oral gavage), and Cisplatin+Kefir (CK). At the end of day 7, animals were euthanized. Blood, kidney, and liver tissue samples were collected. For both tissues, biochemically ALT, AST, Urea, Creatine; histomorphologically, hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis, were performed. Serum urea and creatinine levels of the Cisplatin group were significantly higher than the Control group (p<0.05). In the CK group, kefir consumption decreased urea and creatinin levels approached to Control and Kefir groups. Cisplatin resulted in higher ALT and AST activities, indicating hepatocellular damage, compared to the Control group (p<0.05). Kefir consumption decreased ALT activities approached to both the Control and Kefir group. Histomorphological observations were in agreement biochemical results. In liver and kidney tissues, structural damage was observed with an increase in collagen fibers in the Cisplatin group, and Caspase-3 activity was immunohistochemically higher than in the other groups. In the CK group, collagen fiber increase, structural damage, and Caspase-3 activities were less than in the Cisplatin group. Kefir consumption alleviated liver and kidney damage. However, more research is required to understand such effect of kefir better.

RESUMEN: El cisplatino es un agente quimioterapéutico que induce daño hepático y renal. En este estudio, intentamos investigar el efecto del kéfir, un alimento funcional y probiótico esencial, en el daño hepático y renal inducido por el cisplatino. Se dividieron ratas albinas Wistar en cuatro grupos: control, cisplatino (dosis única de 7 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), kéfir (2 ml/día, 7 días, sonda oral) y cisplatino + kéfir (CK). Al final del día 7, los animales fueron sacrificados. Se recolectaron muestras de sangre, riñón y tejido hepático. Se determinó ALT, AST, Urea y Creatina; Para el análisis histomorfológico, se realizaron tinciones con hematoxilina-eosina, tricrómico de Masson y para inmunohistoquímica, caspasa-3, un marcador de apoptosis. Los niveles séricos de urea y creatinina del grupo de cisplatino fueron significativamente más altos que los del grupo de control (p<0,05). En el grupo CK, el consumo de kéfir disminuyó los niveles de urea y creatinina acercándose a los grupos Control y Kéfir. El cisplatino resultó en actividades más altas de ALT y AST, lo que indica daño hepatocelular, en comparación con el grupo Control (p<0.05). El consumo de kéfir disminuyó las actividades de ALT tanto en el grupo Control como en el de Kéfir. Las observaciones histomorfológicas coincidieron con los resultados bioquímicos. En tejidos hepáticos y renales se observó daño estructural con aumento de fibras colágenas en el grupo de Cisplatino, y la actividad de Caspasa-3 fue inmunohistoquímicamente mayor que en los otros grupos. En el grupo de CK, el aumento de las fibras colágenas, el daño estructural y las actividades de Caspasa-3 fueron menores que en el grupo Cisplatino. El consumo de kéfir mejoró el daño hepático y renal. Sin embargo, se requiere más investigación para comprender mejor el efecto del kéfir.

Evolución del paciente quirúrgico grave con ventilación mecánica en cuidados intensivos, según valor de creatininuria / Evolution of critically ill surgical patient with mechanical ventilation in intensive care, according the urine creatinine value

Introducción: El estado nutricional al ingreso influye en la evolución del paciente quirúrgico grave. La creatininuria, indicador de este estado, podría mostrar su posible asociación con la evolución de estos pacientes. Objetivos: Identificar la evolución de los pacientes quirúrgicos graves, con ventilación mecánica invasiva y su posible asociación con la creatininuria al ingreso. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y longitudinal, en 85 pacientes quirúrgicos con ventilación mecánica invasiva, ingresados en la sala de cuidados intensivos, desde enero del 2000 a agosto del 2007. Se evaluó el índice APACHE II al ingreso y la creatininuria en la orina de 24 horas durante 3 días seguidos, con un equipo microprocesador Hitachi 902. El valor medio se contrastó con la mortalidad, morbilidad, estadía en cuidados intensivos y tiempo de ventilación mecánica. Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron como media, con desviación estándar y las cualitativas, como frecuencias absolutas o porcentajes. La comparación de medias se realizó con la t de Student. La asociación entre variables cualitativas se evaluó con ji cuadrado. Resultados: La edad media fue de 52,3 ± 15,8 años; el 54,1 por ciento correspondió al sexo masculino y el índice de APACHE II fue 20,4 ± 6 puntos. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la peritonitis secundaria (49,4 por ciento). Los valores inferiores de creatininuria se asociaron a la mortalidad, presencia de complicaciones, mayor estadía en cuidados intensivos y del tiempo de ventilación mecánica. Conclusiones: La creatininuria al ingreso está asociada a la evolución de los pacientes quirúrgicos con ventilación mecánica invasiva(AU)

Introduction: The nutritional status at admission influences the evolution of the severely ill surgical patient. Urine creatinine, an indicator of this state, could show its possible association with the evolution of these patients. Objectives: To identify the evolution of critically ill surgical patients with invasive mechanical ventilation and its possible association with urine creatinine on admission. Methods: A descriptive and longitudinal observational study was carried out in 85 surgical patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, from January 2000 to August 2007. The APACHE II index on admission and urine creatinine in the 24-hour urine for 3 consecutive days, with a Hitachi 902 microprocessor equipment. The mean value was contrasted with mortality, morbidity, stay in intensive care and time on mechanical ventilation. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean, with standard deviation, and qualitative variables, as absolute frequencies or percentages. The comparison of means was carried out with Student's t test. The association between qualitative variables was evaluated with chi square. Results: The mean age was 52,3 ± 15,8 years; 54,1 percent corresponded to the male sex and the APACHE II index was 20,4 ± 6 points. The most frequent diagnosis was secondary peritonitis (49,4 percent). Lower urine creatinine values ​​were associated with mortality, the presence of complications, a longer stay in intensive care and the time on mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: Urine creatinine on admission is associated with the evolution of surgical patients with invasive mechanical ventilation(AU)

Insuficiencia renal aguda transitoria después de trombólisis coronaria con estreptoquinasa / Transient acute renal failure after coronary thrombolysis with streptokinase

Introducción: En la actualidad existen más de 150 medicamentos relacionados con la aparición de rabdomiólisis e insuficiencia renal aguda transitoria. La estreptoquinasa puede ser uno de ellos. Objetivo: Presentar un caso en el cual la administración de trombólisis con estreptoquinasa pudiera estar relacionado con una insuficiencia renal aguda transitoria. Caso clínico: Paciente de 38 años, con antecedentes de salud anterior y creatinina de 81 mg/L días antes del ingreso, sufrió infarto miocárdico agudo y después de la trombólisis con estreptoquinasa presentó dolores musculares intensos, náuseas, vómitos y lumbalgia intensa. La creatinina ascendió progresivamente; tuvo oligoanuria progresiva que evolucionó hasta las dos semanas y luego se recuperó. A los 21 días, la creatinina estaba en 116 mg/L. En la coronariografía, las coronarias son normales. Comentarios: Las causas de insuficiencia renal aguda transitoria pudieran ser, rabdomiólisis asociada con alteraciones del metabolismo del ATP y trastornos inmunológicos provocados por la administración de estreptoquinasa. La coronariografía resultó normal(AU)

Introduction: There are currently more than 150 medications related to the appearance of rhabdomyolysis and transient acute renal failure. Streptokinase can be one of them. Objective: Presenting a case the administration of streptokinase as a possible cause of acute, transient renal failure. Case report: A 38-year-old patient with a previous health history and 81 mg creatinine per liter days before admission, suffers acute myocardial infarction and after streptokinase thrombolysis he suffers severe muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, severe low back pain, creatinine ascends progressively and progressive oligoanuria that evolves until two weeks when it begins to return. At 21 days with 116 mg creatinine per liter, coronary angiography was performed with normal coronaries. Comments: The causes of transient acute renal failure may be rhabdomyolysis associated with abnormalities of the metabolism of ATP and immune disorders, caused by the administration of streptokinase. His coronary angiography was completely normal(AU)

Investigation of the protective and therapeutic effects of ß-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) and Thymoquinone in the diabetic nephropathy / Investigación de los efectos protectores y terapéuticos del ácido ß-aminoisobutírico (BAIBA) y la timoquinona en la nefropatía diabética

In this study, against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diapetic nephropathy (DN); it is aimed to investigate the use of thymoquinone (TQ) and ß-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) and to compare the effects of these agents. With random selection of 35 male rats, five groups (seven rats in each group) were constituted as follows: Control, STZ, STZ + TQ, STZ + BAIBA, STZ + TQ + BAIBA. In the STZ group; body weight, glutathione (GSH) and insulin levels decreased, relative kidney weight, malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels were increased. Also, in kidney tissue; histopathological changes (such as thickening of the capsular, glomerular and tubular basement membranes, increased mesangial matrix amount, increased cytoplasmic vacuolization in some of the tubular epithelial cells, increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression, and inflammatory cell infiltrations in interstitial tissue) were detected. It was observed that these changes occurring after diabetes mellitus (DM) reversed significantly in TQ, BAIBA and TQ + BAIBA groups.

En este estudio, contra la nefropatía diapética (ND) inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ); tiene como objetivo investigar el uso de timoquinona (TQ) y ácido ß-aminoisobutírico (BAIBA) y comparar los efectos de estos agentes. Con la selección aleatoria de 35 ratas macho, se constituyeron cinco grupos (siete ratas en cada grupo) como sigue: Control, STZ, STZ + TQ, STZ + BAIBA, STZ + TQ + BAIBA. En el grupo STZ; el peso corporal, los niveles de glutatión (GSH) y de insulina disminuyeron, el peso relativo de los riñones, el malondialdehído (MDA), la glucosa, el nitrógeno ureico en sangre (BUN) y los niveles de creatinina (Cr) aumentaron. Además, en tejido renal; se detectaron cambios histopatológicos (como engrosamiento de las membranas basales capsular, glomerular y tubular, aumento de la cantidad de matriz mesangial, aumento de la vacuolización citoplasmática en algunas de las células epiteliales tubulares, aumento de la expresión del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e infiltraciones de células inflamatorias en tejido intersticial). Se observó que estos cambios que ocurren después de la diabetes mellitus (DM) se revirtieron significativamente en los grupos TQ, BAIBA y TQ + BAIBA.

Electrophoretic analysis (sds-page) of canine urinary proteins according to the stage of chronic kidney disease / [Análise eletroforética (SDS-PAGE) de proteínas urinárias de cães de acordo com o estágio da doença renal crônica]

Glomerular proteinuria is characterized by the loss of high-molecular-weight proteins (HMWPs), while tubulointerstitial proteinuria is characterized by the loss of low-molecular-weight proteins (LMWPs). The objective was to assess the molecular weight of urinary proteins (MWUP) in dogs with naturally acquired CKD and determine the proportion of HMWPs and LMWPs according to CKD stage. Twenty-eight dogs with CKD were recruited and divided into 4 groups based on serum creatinine (Cr) levels (group1: Cr<1,4, n=8; group2: 1,45,0, n=5). The control group consisted of 5 healthy dogs. The MWUP was determined by SDS-PAGE. The urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) was used to quantitatively assess proteinuria. The electrophoresis pattern revealed a proportionally greater loss of HMWPthan of LMWP in all groups with CKD and an increased loss of LMWP in group 4 (P<0.05). These results suggest a predominance of glomerular injuries throughout all stages of CKD in these dogs and an increase in tubulointerstitial injury towards the end-stage of the disease. The results of the present study support the recommendation of SDS-PAGE as an effective technique for the qualitative assessment of proteinuria, as well as a method for assessing the severity and location of renal injury.(AU)

A proteinúria glomerular é caracterizada pela perda de proteínas de alto peso molecular (PAPM), enquanto a proteinúria tubulointersticial se caracteriza pela perda de proteínas de baixo peso molecular (PBPM). O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o peso molecular das proteínas urinárias (PMPU) de cães com DRC naturalmente adquirida e a proporção de PAPM e PBPM de acordo com o estágio da DRC. Foram utilizados 28 cães com DRC, divididos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o nível sérico de creatinina (cr) (grupo 1: cr<1,4, n=8; grupo 2: 1,45,0, n=5). O grupo controle era composto por cinco cães saudáveis. O PMPU foi determinado por SDS-PAGE. A relação proteína:creatinina urinária (RPCU) foi utilizada como um método quantitativo de proteinúria. A eletroforese revelou uma perda proporcionalmente maior de PAPM, quando comparada às PBPM, em todos os grupos de DRC, bem como uma perda crescente de PBPM no grupo 4 (P<0,05). Esses resultados sugerem uma predominância de lesão glomerular em todos os estágios de DRC nesses cães e uma progressão crescente na lesão túbulo-intersticial no estágio terminal da doença. Os resultados deste estudo reafirmam a recomendação de que a eletroforese de proteínas urinárias é uma técnica qualitativa efetiva de avaliação da proteinúria, bem como um método que permite avaliar a extensão e a localização da lesão renal.(AU)

Acute renal failure in COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation / Insuficiencia renal aguda en pacientes COVID-19 en ventilación mecánica

COVID-19 Community acquired pneumonía is a recent and frequent cause of admission in European intensive care units. Currently, there are many open questions regarding the management and prognostic factors of these patients. Among them, its association with acute renal failure in patients on mechanical ventilation. Analysis of acute renal failure in COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation. Prognosis and factors related to its development. Retrospective observational study carried out in the intensive care unit of a University Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analysed patients admitted to the ICU with the diagnosis of Respiratory Failure due to Pneumonia COVID-19 between 6/3/2020 and 21/4/2020. Demographic data (age, sex), APACHE II, comorbidities, analytical data (ferritin, total bilirubin), length of stay, treatments administered (mechanical ventilation, muscle relaxant, vasoactive drugs, prone) and its association to acute renal failure were analysed. 67 patients received complete treatment in our hospital. Length of stay (days) 14.1 ± 10, average age 60 years, APACHE II 14.3 ± 5.2, 67.2% males. Maximum creatinine mean value (mg/dl) 1.48 ± 1.26, Maximum ferritin mean value (ng/ml) 2,310 ± 3,322, Maximum total bilirubin mean value (mg/dl) 2 ± 2.2. 100% of the patients required mechanical ventilation. 65.7% prone positioning, 74.6% neuromuscular blockers and 98.5% required vasoactive drugs. Establishing renal failure as creatinine values greater than 1.2 mg/dl. Patients with maximum creatinine above 1.2 mg/dl presented average values of bilirubin and ferritin higher than those with values under 1.2 mg/dl (P < 0.05). The presence of renal failure was also statistically significantly associated with sex (male), presence of dyslipidaemia, and mortality. In our sample, we have associated acute renal failure with higher ferritin valúes. Likewise, we have observed higher creatinine valúes in the group of non-survivors, those with dyslipidaemia and men, with statistical signification.

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad COVID-19 es una causa reciente y frecuente de ingreso en las unidades de cuidados intensivos europeos. Actualmente, hay muchas preguntas abiertas con respecto al manejo y los factores pronósticos de estos pacientes. Entre ellos, su asociación con insuficiencia renal aguda en pacientes en ventilación mecánica. Análisis de insuficiencia renal aguda en pacientes con COVID-19 en ventilación mecánica. Pronóstico y factores relacionados con su desarrollo. Estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un Hospital Universitario durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Analizamos los pacientes ingresados en UCI con el diagnóstico de insuficiencia respiratoria por neumonía COVID-19 entre el 3/6/2020 y el 21/4/2020. Se analizaron datos demográficos (edad, sexo), APACHE II, comorbilidades, datos analíticos (ferritina, bilirrubina total), tiempo de estancia, tratamientos administrados (ventilación mecánica, relajante muscular, fármacos vasoactivos, prono) y su asociación con insuficiencia renal aguda. 67 pacientes recibieron tratamiento completo en nuestro hospital. Duración de la estancia (días) 14,1 ± 10, edad media 60 años, APACHE II 14,3 ± 5,2, 67,2% varones. Valor medio máximo de creatinina (mg/dl) 1,48 ± 1,26, valor medio máximo de ferritina (ng/ml) 2.310 ± 3.322, valor medio máximo de bilirrubina total (mg/dl) 2 ± 2,2. El 100% de los pacientes requirió ventilación mecánica. El 65,7% en decúbito prono, el 74,6% bloqueantes neuromusculares y el 98,5% requirieron fármacos vasoactivos. Estableciendo la insuficiencia renal como valores de creatinina superiores a 1,2 mg/dl, los pacientes con creatinina máxima superior a 1,2 mg/dl presentaron valores medios de bilirrubina y ferritina superiores a aquellos con valores menores a 1,2 mg/dl, de forma estadísticamente significativa. La presencia de fallo renal, también se asoció de forma estadísticamente significativa al sexo hombre, la presencia de dislipidemia como antecedente personal de interés y a la mortalidad. En nuestra muestra hemos asociado la insuficiencia renal aguda con valores más elevados de ferritina. Asimismo, hemos observado mayores valores de creatinina en el grupo de no supervivientes, los que presentan dislipidemia y los hombres, con significación estadística.

Simultaneous use of oxalate-degrading bacteria and herbal extract to reduce the urinary oxalate in a rat model: A new strategy

ABSTRACT Objective: Urinary stones with oxalate composition can cause kidney failure. Recent findings evidenced that probiotics are effective in reducing oxalate absorption in these subjects based on their high colonic absorption levels at baseline. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous use of oxalate-degrading bacteria, Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract in reducing urinary oxalate. Materials and Methods: Anti-urolithiatic activity of Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract and probiotic by using ethylene glycol induced rat model. In this study, 4 strains of Lactobacillus and 2 strains of Bifidobacterium and also 2 strains of L. paracasei (that showed high power in oxalate degrading in culture media) were used. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=6). The rats of group-I received normal diet (positive control group) and groups-II (negative control group), III, IV rats received diet containing ethylene glycol (3%) for 30 days. Groups III rats received Urtica dioica and T. terrestris extract. Groups IV rats received extracts + probiotic for 30 days. Findings: The results show that the use of herbal extracts (Urtica dioica and T. terrestris) reduced the level of urinary oxalate and other parameters of urine and serum. Also, the accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney tissue was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Considering that the formation of calcium oxalate crystals can cause inflammation and tissue damage in the kidney, the use of herbal extracts with oxalate degrading bacteria can be a new therapeutic approach to preventing the formation of kidney stones.

Ginger extract ameliorates renal damage in high fat diet-induced obesity in rats: biochemical and ultrastructural study / El extracto de jengibre mejora el daño renal en la obesidad inducida por la dieta alta en grasas en ratas: estudio bioquímico y ultraestructural

Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of kidney disease. Obesity may harm kidneys in individuals without hypertension, diabetes, or pre-existing renal disease. Ginger, Zingiber officinale, has many beneficial pharmaceutical benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the Zingiber officinale protective effect against obesity complications which induced by high fat diet and caused renal dysfunctions. The study period was two months, and the experimental animals' groups were four, 80 Wistar rats were appropriated similarly 20 animals/group: control group; ginger extract group (GE); high-fat diet (HFD); and GE+HFD group. Body and fat weight, creatinine, leptin, TNF-α, total antioxidants, renal histopathological and ultrastructure were investigated. Rats in group of HFD showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the body and fat weights, creatinine, leptin and TNF-α, and significant decrease (P<0.05) in total antioxidants (TAS). Ginger administration significantly showed the protective restoring the altered parameters. Furthermore, rats co-treated with ginger extract improved the histopathological and ultrastructural renal injury induced by obesity. The study concluded that the ginger extract used could suppress and decrease the renal damage induced by high-fat diet as it possesses potential medicinal values.

La obesidad es un factor de riesgo modificable para el desarrollo y la progresión de la enfermedad renal. La obesidad puede dañar los riñones en personas sin hipertensión, diabetes o enfermedad renal preexistente. El jengibre, Zingiber officinale, tiene muchos beneficios farmacéuticos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto protector de Zingiber officinale en las complicaciones de la obesidad inducida por una dieta alta en grasas y las enfermedad renal. El período de estudio fue de dos meses, y los grupos de animales experimentales fueron cuatro, se asignaron 80 ratas Wistar de manera similar, 20 animales por grupo: grupo de control; grupo de extracto de jengibre (GE); dieta alta en grasas (DAG); y el grupo GE + DAG. Se evaluó el peso corporal y la grasa, creatinina, leptina, TNF-α, antioxidantes totales, histopatología renal y ultraestructura. Las ratas en el grupo de DAG mostraron un aumento significativo (P<0,05) en el peso corporal y de grasa, creatinina, leptina y TNF-a, y una disminución significativa (P<0,05) en los antioxidantes totales. La administración de jengibre mostró una protección significativa restaurando los parámetros alterados. Además, las ratas tratadas conjuntamente con extracto de jengibre mejoraron la lesión renal histopatológica y ultraestructural inducida por la obesidad. El estudio concluyó que el extracto de jengibre podría suprimir y disminuir el daño renal inducido por la dieta alta en grasas, ya que posee potenciales valores medicinales.

Performance of the equations to estimate the glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation / Desempeño de las ecuaciones para estimar la tasa de filtración glomerular en pacientes mexicanos receptores de trasplante renal

Abstract Introduction: The management of kidney transplant recipients requires glomerular filtration rate (GFR) monitoring, which is an indicator of graft primary function and patient survival. Objective: To evaluate the performance of different creatinine or cystatin-based formulas in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantation. Method: 30 transplant recipients were included, in whom the glomerular filtration rate was measured by means of iothalamate, and was also calculated using seven equations based on cystatin or creatinine. Results: The formula with the best performance was the one proposed by the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), with a bias of −2.4 mL/min/1.73 m2: and an accuracy of 9.6; 96.7 % of patients were within 30 % of the measured GFR. The second best formula was the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Cystatin-based equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: Our study suggests that, in Mexican patients receiving kidney transplantations, the best equations to estimate GFR are the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations.

Valores de referência para exames laboratoriais de colesterol, hemoglobina glicosilada e creatinina da população adulta brasileira / Reference values for laboratory tests of cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin and creatinine of the Brazilian adult population

RESUMO: Introdução: Este artigo teve o objetivo de estimar valores de referência de exames laboratoriais de colesterol, hemoglobina glicosilada e creatinina para a população adulta brasileira. Métodos: Estudo descritivo realizado com os dados laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue e urina em subamostra da PNS constituída de 8.952 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais. Para determinar os valores de referência, aplicaram-se critérios de exclusão, como a presença de doenças prévias e dos outliers, definidos pelos valores fora do intervalo estimado pela média ± 1,96 × desvio padrão. Posteriormente, foram calculados os valores de referência segundo sexo, faixa etária e raça/cor. Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças nos valores de referência de acordo com o sexo. O colesterol total, a lipoproteína de baixa densidade colesterol (LDL-c) e a lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol (HDL-c) apresentaram valores mais elevados entre as mulheres. A hemoglobina glicosilada alcançou valores semelhantes segundo sexo, e a creatinina foi mais elevada entre os homens. Os valores médios de referência foram mais altos na população idosa, de 60 anos ou mais. A média e os limites inferiores e superiores do colesterol total e frações dos indivíduos não brancos foram ligeiramente mais baixos. Não houve diferença segundo raça/cor para hemoglobina glicosilada nem para creatinina. Conclusão: O estabelecimento de parâmetros nacionais de referência de exames laboratoriais, adaptados às características sociodemográficas e geográficas, fornece subsídios relevantes para a avaliação do diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças crônicas no Brasil.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: This article aims to estimate reference values for laboratory tests of cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin and creatinine for the Brazilian adult population. Methods: A descriptive study carried out with laboratory data from the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS). Samples of blood and urine were collected in a PNS subsample of 8,952 individuals aged 18 years old or older. To determine the reference values, exclusion criteria were applied: presence of previous diseases and outliers, defined by values outside the range estimated by the mean ± 1.96 × standard deviation. Subsequently, reference values were calculated according to gender, age group and race/skin color. Results: Differences in reference values according to gender were observed. Women had higher values of total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c. Glycosylated hemoglobin showed similar values in relation to gender, and creatinine was higher among men. The mean reference values were higher in the elderly population, aged 60 years old or older. The mean, lower and upper limits of total cholesterol and fractions of non-white people were slightly lower. There was no difference according to race/skin color for glycosylated hemoglobin and creatinine. Conclusion: The establishment of national reference parameters for laboratory tests, adapted to the sociodemographic and geographic characteristics, provides relevant information for evaluation of diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases in Brazil.

Glomerulopatía colapsante con insuficiencia renal terminal de rápida progresión / Collapsing glomerulopathy with rapid progression to terminal renal failure

La glomerulopatía colapsante (GC) constituye una variedad de la glomeruloesclerosis focal y segmentaria. Afecta tanto a la población adulta (40%) como a la infantil (20%); presentándose con mayor frecuencia en hombres jóvenes y afrodescendientes. Clínicamente se presenta como un síndrome nefrótico, con niveles elevados de úrea y creatinina. Se presenta el caso de paciente femenino de 22 años, quien acude por presentar fiebre, edema matutino en miembros inferiores, e intolerancia oral de 9 días de evolución. Al examen físico: Hipertensión arterial y ascitis. La GC es una entidad poco diagnosticada, que progresa rápidamente a insuficiencia renal terminal a pesar de recibir cualquier tratamiento sistémico descrito hasta la actualidad, por lo que amerita mayor investigación en el ámbito terapéutico(AU)

Collapsing glomerulopathy (GC) is a variety of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. It affects both adult population (40%) and children (20%); it occurs most often in young people, male and of African descent. Clinically it is presented as a nephrotic syndrome, with high levels of urea and creatinine serum. There is insufficient evidence regarding the treatment of this entity, so that steroids and immunosuppressants are used at high doses. We present the case of a 22-year old female, who presented fever, edema in the lower limbs and oral intolerance of 9 days of evolution. Physical examination showed: high blood pressure and ascitis. This nephropathy is an underdiagnosed entity rapidly progressing to kidney failure despite receiving any systemic treatment described until now, so it merits further research in the therapeutic field(AU)

Impacto del uso de esteroides en el tratamiento de los pacientes con neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad / The impact of steroids usage in the treatment of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia

RESUMEN Introducción: a neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye un importante problema de salud a nivel global. Es la tercera causa de muerte globalmente. EL mejor tratamiento para estos pacientes todavía no está bien establecido. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto en la mortalidad del uso de los esteroides por vía sistémica en pacientes con neumonía grave adquirida en la comunidad así como relacionarlos con el valor del leucograma, creatinina y presión arterial de oxígeno. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico longitudinal prospectivo, con los pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad del Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, de enero - junio de 2017. El universo de 85 pacientes, muestra de 48 que fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos. Ambos grupos recibieron la misma combinación de fármacos y al primer grupo se le administro Hidrocortisona 4 mg/ Kg/ día por 5 días y al segundo no se le administro ningún esteroide. Resultados: edades 80 ±11 años y 77 ±11 años. 20 pacientes vivos que recibieron esteroides y 14 fallecidos que no lo recibieron. X2=0,04. Las medias de los leucogramas fueron Grupo 1=17 y Grupo 2=13 con p=0,16 .En la presión arterial de oxigeno Grupo 1=102 y Grupo 2=95 con p=0,77. El valor de la creatinina Grupo 1=156 y Grupo 2=177 con p=0, 323. Conclusiones: el uso de esteroides en pacientes graves con NAC puede reducir la mortalidad a corto plazo sin diferencias significativas en los parámetros de oxigenación, de la función renal ni de los leucocitos (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: community-acquired pneumonia is an important health problem around the world. It is the third cause of death in the world. The best treatment for these patients has not been still clearly stablished. Objective: to assess the impact of the use of steroids by systemic way on the mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia and to establish the relationship the leukogramm, creatinine and oxygen arterial pressure (presión arterial de oxígeno) values. Materials and methods: prospective, longitudinal, analytic study of the patients with community-acquired pneumonia who entered the intensive care unit of the Military Hospital "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" in the period January-June 2017. In a universe of 85 patients, the sample was formed by 48 patients randomly divided in two groups. Both groups receive the same drugs combination; the first group was given Hydrocortisone 4 mg/kg/day for five days while the second one was not administered steroid at all. Results: patients were aged 80±11 years and 77±11 years. 20 patients who stayed alive took steroids, and 14 who did not take them died. X2=0.04. The average leucogramma was Group 1=17 and Group 2=13, with p=0.77. The oxygen arterial pressure was Group 1=102 and Group 2=95. Creatinine value was Group 1=156 and Group2=177 with p=0.323. Conclusions: The steroids use in patients with community-acquired pneumonia could reduce mortality at a short time, without significant differences in the oxygenation, renal functioning or leucocytes parameters (AU).

The effect of gentamicin nephrotoxicity in newborn mice at breastfeeding / El efecto de la nefrotoxicidad por gentamicina en ratones recién nacidos durante la lactancia

Gentamicin can pass through the placenta. This antibiotic also enters breast milk, but its absorption in the intestine is insignificant, so that it could be only found in half of the infants' blood. In the present study, it is attempted to experimentally evaluate the toxic effect of gentamicin on the kidneys of newborn mice in breastfeeding. This study was performed on 20 female Balb/c pregnant mice weighing 30 to 35 g. The female pregnant mice were randomly divided to two groups of 10. The lactating mothers were intraperitoneally injected with gentamicin at 200 mg/kg every other day sequentially, and the normal group was injected with normal saline at the same volume. Blod samples were collected from the heart of the newborns for the evaluation of renal function. The samples were passing paraffin blocks and were staining with hematoxylin and eosin. The data were expressed as mean±SE and T-test was used. In the observations of kidney tissues of the newborns treated with gentamicin, there were several tissue injuries in comparison with the normal group such as lytic necrosis with picnotic nucleus occurred in the epithelium cells of kidney tubules. Moreover, in some epithelium cells of tubules, degeneration changes of the kind of hydropic and cytoplasmic vacuolation were observed. In the current study, though gentamicin had no significant effect on anomalies in newborns. it indicated however, that the intervention breastfeeding could have pathological effects and consequently, cause changes in the function factors of the kidneys of newborns.

La gentamicina puede pasar a través de la placenta. Este antibiótico también ingresa en la leche materna, pero su absorción en el intestino es insignificante, por lo que solo se puede encontrar en la mitad de la sangre de los recién nacidos. En el presente estudio, se intentó evaluar experimentalmente el efecto tóxico de gentamicina en los riñones de ratones recién nacidos durante la lactancia. Este estudio se realizó en 20 hembras preñadas con un peso entre 30 y 35 g. Las hembras lactantes se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 10 animales. Las madres que amamantaron fueron tratadas con gentamicina (200 mg/kg, vía intraperitoneal), cada dos días secuencialmente, y al grupo normal se le inyectó solución salina normal en el mismo volumen. Se tomaron muestras de sangre del corazón de los recién nacidos para la evaluación de la función renal. Las muestras pasaron por bloques de parafina y se tiñeron con hematoxilina y eosina. Los datos se expresaron como media ± DE y t-test. En comparación con el grupo normal, se observaron varias lesiones en los tejidos del riñón de los ratones recién nacidos tratados con gentamicina, tal como como necrosis lítica con núcleo picnótico en las células del epitelio de los túbulos renales. Además, en algunas células del epitelio de los túbulos renales, se observaron cambios degenerativos del tipo de vacuolación hidrópica y citoplásmica. En el estudio actual, la gentamicina no tuvo un efecto significativo sobre las anomalías en los recién nacidos. Sin embargo, observamos que la intervención de amamantamiento podría tener efectos patológicos y, en consecuencia, causar cambios en los factores funcionales de los riñones en recién nacidos.

Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de bezerros neonatos da raça Holandesa tratados com ferro suplementar / Hematological and biochemical parameters of neonatal Holstein calves supplemented with iron

A deficiência de ferro em bezerros neonatos está associada ao desenvolvimento de anemia, que favorece o aparecimento de outras enfermidades como pneumonia e diarreia. Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de ferro sobre o eritrograma, teores séricos de ferro, ceruloplasmina e transferrina, bem como o potencial para toxicidade do protocolo utilizado por meio da avaliação dos teores de ureia, creatinina e enzimas hepáticas. Para tal avaliação foram utilizados 40 bezerros neonatos da raça Holandesa, alocados em cinco grupos experimentais com oito animais em cada grupo, que foram submetidos aos seguintes protocolos: administração intramuscular de 5mL de solução fisiológica estéril no 5º dia de idade (grupo controle G1), e administração intramuscular de 5mL de ferro dextrano 10% nos seguintes momentos: no 5º dia de idade (G2); no 5o e no 20º dias de idade (G3); no 5o e no 30º dias de idade (G4) e no 5o, 20o e 45º dias de idade (G5). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue até 8 horas após o nascimento e aos 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade para realização do eritrograma, avaliação dos teores séricos de ferro, ceruloplasmina, transferrina, ureia, creatinina, bilirrubina total e direta, e das atividades das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT). Os animais que receberam ferro suplementar apresentaram menor oscilação nos parâmetros eritrocitários, embora os animais do grupo controle não tenham desenvolvido anemia. Notou-se também aumento, embora não significativo, nos teores séricos de ferro e das proteínas de fase aguda ceruloplasmina e transferrina, cuja atividade está relacionada ao metabolismo desse mineral. Os teores séricos de ureia, creatinina, bilirrubina total e direta e as atividades das enzimas GGT, AST e ALP não foram influenciados pelos protocolos de administração de ferro suplementar. Os protocolos de tratamento empregados não ocasionaram hepatoxidade ou nefrotoxidade aos animais. Concluiu-se que a suplementação com ferro dextrano por via parenteral em bezerros que recebem outras dietas que não apenas leite não traz benefícios que justifiquem sua indicação, embora sejam necessários mais estudos que avaliem a influência da suplementação com ferro sobre o tempo necessário para a recuperação, custos com o tratamento e impacto sobre a vida produtiva dos animais na idade adulta.(AU)

Iron deficiency in newborn calves is associated with the development of anemia, which favors the development of other infirmities such as pneumonia and diarrhea. The present study evaluated the effect of iron supplementation on erythrogram, serum levels of iron, ceruloplasmin and tranferrin, as well as potential toxicity of the protocol used by means of evaluation of urea, creatinine and hepatic enzyme activities. 40 newborn Holstein calves were allocated into 5 experimental groups comprising 8 calves each, which were subjected to the following treatment protocols: intramuscular administration of 5mL of sterile saline on the 5th day of age (control group G1), intramuscular administration of 5mL of 10% dextran iron in the following moments: on the 5th day of age (G2); on the 5th and in the 20th day of age (G3); on the 5th and 30th day of age (G4); on the 5th, 20th and 45th days of age (G5). Blood samples were taken until 8 hours after birth and with 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 days of age, and subjected to hemogram, evaluation of serum levels of iron, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, total and direct bilirrubin, and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alcaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Calves that received iron supplementation at any time presented less variation in the erythrocyte parameters, although calves in the control group did not develop anemia. Serum concentration of iron and acute phase protein ceruloplasmin and transferrin, which activities are related to iron metabolism, also increased, although not significantly. Serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubins and activities of AST, ALP, and GGT were not influenced by the administration protocols used in this experiment. The results of the experiment led to the conclusion that the supplementation with parenteral dextran iron in calves that receive diets other than exclusive milk does not bring sufficient advantages to be indicated, although more studies are necessary to evaluate the influence of iron supplementation on the outcome of infections in newborn calves, especially its influence on cost of treatment, time necessary for discharge and impact on its productive life.(AU)

Mensuração da adesão aos medicamentos imunossupressores em receptores de transplante renal / Medición de la adhesión a los medicamentos inmunosupresores en receptores de trasplante renal / Measurement of adherence to immunosuppressive drugs in renal transplant recipients

Resumo Objetivo: Mensurar a adesão aos medicamentos imunossupressores em receptores de transplante renal, utilizando a Basel Assessment of Adherence with Immunosuppressive Medication Scale - BAASIS® e descrever as características sociodemográficas, os fatores clínicos em relação aos imunossupressores e os níveis de creatinina. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal, realizado no período de 2014 a 2015, no Ambulatório Pós-Transplante do Hospital do Rim (complexo hospitalar da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)). Resultados: Dos 181 participantes, 53,6% eram homens e a idade dos receptores variou de 18 a 74 anos. A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica foi o diagnóstico inicial de Insuficiência Renal Crônica em 38,7% dos receptores. Aproximadamente 95% dos receptores relataram que nunca se esqueceram de tomar o medicamento; 58,6% dos pacientes relataram ter aderido totalmente aos imunossupressores e 41,4% não aderiram a uma ou mais das quatro situações avaliadas pelos itens da BAASIS®. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa pelos itens da BAASIS® entre os níveis de creatinina e o escore total. Conclusão: Foi identificado um alto índice de pacientes que não aderiram ao tratamento imunossupressor (41,4%). Não houve correlação significativa entre o nível de creatinina e a idade do receptor no momento do TxR, bem como o tempo após TxR, tempo de separação do imunossupressor e escore total, e escores dos itens individuais da BAASIS®. Esse estudo mostrou que os receptores negros, do sexo masculino, sem uma rede de apoio familiar, obesos e autônomos são mais propensos a não aderir à terapia imunossupressora. A avaliação da adesão do receptor de transplante renal deve ser considerada durante todas as fases das ações do processo de enfermagem que compõem o plano terapêutico após o transplante renal.

Resumen Objetivo: Medir la adhesión a los medicamentos inmunosupresores en receptores de trasplante renal utilizando la Basilea de Evaluación de Adherencia con Immunosuppressive Medication Scale - BAASIS® y describir las características sociodemográficas, los factores clínicos en relación con los inmunosupresores y los niveles de creatinina Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, realizado en el período de 2014 a 2015, en el Ambulatorio de Post-Trasplante del Hospital del Rim (complejo hospitalario de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Resultados: de los 181 participantes, el 53,6% eran hombres; la edad de los receptores varió entre los 18 y los 74 años. La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica fue el diagnóstico inicial de Insuficiencia Renal Crónica en el 38,7% de los receptores. Aproximadamente el 95% de los receptores reportó que nunca se olvidó de tomar el medicamento. El 58,6% de los pacientes reportó haberse adherido totalmente a los inmunosupresores y el 41,4% no se adhirió a una o más de las cuatro situaciones evaluadas por los ítems de BAASIS®. No se encontró correlación significativa, a través de los ítems de BAASIS®, entre los niveles de creatinina y la puntuación total. Conclusión: Se identificó un alto índice de pacientes que no se adhirieron al tratamiento inmunosupresor (41,4%). No hubo correlación significativa entre el nivel de creatinina y la edad del receptor en el momento del TxR, así como tiempo después del TxR, tiempo de separación del inmunosupresor y puntuación total, y puntuación de los ítems individuales de BAASIS®. Este estudio mostró que los receptores negros del sexo masculino, sin una red de apoyo familiar, obesos y autónomos, son más propensos a no adherirse a la terapia inmunosupresora. La evaluación de la adhesión del receptor de trasplante renal debe ser considerada durante todas las fases de las acciones del proceso de enfermería que componen el plan terapéutico después del trasplante renal.

Abstract Objective: To measure adherence of renal transplant recipients to immunosuppressive drugs by using the Basel Assessment of Adherence with immunosuppressive medication Scale (BAASIS®) and to describe sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors in relation to immunosuppressive drugs and creatinine levels. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out from 2014 to 2015 in the post-transplantation ambulatory unit of the Kidney Hospital and Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). Results: Of the 181 participants, 53.6% were men; recipients ages ranged from 18 to 74 years. Systemic arterial hypertension was the initial diagnosis of chronic renal failure in 38.7% of recipients. About 95% reported that they never forgot to take several consecutive doses of the medicine, 58.6% of recipients reported total adherence to the immunosuppressive drugs, and 41.4% did not adhere to one or more of the four assessed situations. No significant correlation was found between of creatinine levels and total score and by BAASIS® items. Conclusion: A high rate of patients not adherent to the immunosuppressive treatment was identified (41.4%). There was no significant correlation between creatinine level and receptor age at time of KTP, time after KTP, immunosuppressive separation time and total score and scores of individual BAASIS® items. This study showed that black, male recipients without a family support network, obese and autonomous are more likely not to adhere to immunosuppressive therapy. The evaluation of renal transplant recipient adhesion should be considered during all phases of the nursing process actions that make up the therapeutic plan after renal transplantation.

Increased nitric oxide plasma concentration in dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal disease / Aumento da concentração plasmática de óxido nítrico em cães com doença renal crônica naturalmente adquirida

This study aimed to determine the amount of plasma nitric oxide in clinically stable dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Five groups of dogs were studied, aged from 4 to 18, comprising of a control group composed of healthy animals (control n=17), group CKD stage 1 (DRC-1, n=12), group CKD stage 2 (CKD-2, n=10) group, CKD stages 3 (CRD-3, n=13) and Group CKD stage 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Dogs with CKD were clinically stable and received no treatment. Two blood samples were collected at 24 hours intervals (repeated measures) to obtain serum and plasma. The serum creatinine values were used to classify dogs as CG, CKD-1, CKD-2, CKD-3 and CKD-4, and were (1.02±0.02mg/dL), (1.07±0.04mg/dL), (1.81±0.03mg/dL), (3.40±0.15mg/dL) and (6.00±0.20mg/dL) respectively. The determination of nitric oxide (NO) was performed by dosing nitrate/nitrite indirectly, and used for measurement of nitrate according to the NO/ozone chemiluminescence. The data were submitted to ANOVA for nonparametric analysis(Kruskal-Wallis) (P<0.05). The concentration of plasmatic NO did not differ significantly among GC (10.81±0.51µM), CKD-1 (15.49±1.97µM) and CKD-2 (19.83±3.31µM) groups. The plasma concentration of CKD-3 (17.02±1.73µM) and CKD-4 (83.56±13.63µM) was significantly higher compared with healthy dogs. In conclusion, the NO plasma concentration can increase in dogs with CKD and become significantly higher in stage 3 and 4 dogs.(AU)

A determinação de óxido nítrico no plasma em cães clinicamente estáveis em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica (DRC) não foi estudada, constituindo este o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram estudados cinco grupos de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os cães com DRC estavam com o quadro clínico estável e sem receber qualquer tipo de tratamento. Foram estudados cinco grupo de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os animais sadios ou com DRC foram submetidos a duas coletas de sangue, com intervalo de 24 horas (amostras repetidas), para obtenção de soro e plasma. Os valores de creatinina sérica, que definiram a classificação dos pacientes do controle, DRC-1, DRC-2, DRC-3 e DRC-4, que foram 1,02±0,02mg/dL; 1,06±0,05mg/dL; 1,80±0,03mg/dL; 3,39±0,21mg/dL e 6,00±0,28mg/dL, respectivamente. A determinação plasmática indireta de óxido nítrico (NO) foi realizada por meio da dosagem de nitrato/nitrito, através da técnia de quimioluminescência NO / ozono. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para análise não paramétrica (Kruskal-Wallis) (P <0,05). Os resultados das concentrações plasmáticas de NO não diferiram significativamente quando comparados os dados do controle (10,81±0,51µM), DRC-1 (15,49±1,97µM), DRC-2 (19,82±3,31µM). No entanto, o NO plasmático do grupo DRC-3 (17,01±1,73µM) e DRC-4 (83,55±13,63µM), foi significativamente maior, em relação às médias dos cães sadios. Concluímos que a concentração plasmática de NO pode aumentar em cães com DRC e torna-se significativamente mais elevada nos estágios 3 e 4 da doença.(AU)

Análisis de desempeño de laboratorios clínicos en la determinación de glucosa y creatinina / Performance analysis of clinical laboratory in glucose and creatinine determinations / Análise de desempenho de laboratórios clínicos na determinação de glicose e creatinina

Los Programas de Evaluación Externa de la Calidad (PEEC) de los laboratorios clínicos (LC) son indispensables para la comparación del desempeño en una o varias determinaciones de analitos entre diferentes laboratorios. Se evaluó el desempeño de los LC del estado Carabobo en la determinación de las concentraciones séricas de glucosa y creatinina. El estudio fue no experimental, descriptivo, de campo y de corte transversal. Se evaluaron 22 laboratorios entre públicos y privados del estado Carabobo. Se distribuyeron a cada LC 5 sueros controles (SC) nivel I (NI) y 5 nivel II (NII) para glucosa y creatinina. Se evaluó la imprecisión intra- e interlaboratorios, el sesgo y el error total de los resultados. No hubo LC con competencia para la determinación de glucosa y creatinina en ambos niveles ensayados. Solo 3 (13,3%) LC fueron competentes en la determinación de creatinina en el NI y NII. Se concluye que los resultados obtenidos en los SC de glucosa y creatinina no pueden ser transferibles entre los diferentes LC, por lo que es importante poner en marcha programas de control de calidad intralaboratorios o mejorar los existentes para eliminar los errores sistemáticos y disminuir los aleatorios, así como también se hace necesaria la participación en PEEC para determinar la universalización de los resultados emitidos por los LC.

External Quality Assessment Schemes (EQAS) of clinical laboratories (CL) are indispensable to compare performance in one or more analyte determinations among different laboratories. Performance of CL in Carabobo state for the determination of serum glucose and creatinine was evaluated. The study was not experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional field. A total of 22 public and private laboratories in Carabobo state were evaluated. Each CL was distributed 5 control sera (CS) level I (LI) and 5 level II (LII) for glucose and creatinine. Intra- and inter-laboratory precision, bias and total error of the results were evaluated. There was no CL competition for determining glucose and creatinine both levels tested. Only 3 (13.3%) CL were proficient in the determination of creatinine in the LI and LII. It can be concluded that the results obtained in CS glucose and creatinine may not be transferable between different CL, so it is important to implement quality control programs within laboratories or improve the existing ones to eliminate systematic errors and reduce randomization; besides, participation in EQAS is also necessary to determine the universalization of the CL results.

Os Programas de Avaliação Externa da Qualidade (PAEQ) dos laboratórios clínicos (LC) são essenciais para comparar o desempenho numa ou varias determinações de analitos entre diferentes laboratórios. Avaliou--se o desempenho dos LC do estado Carabobo na determinação das concentrações séricas de glicose e creatinina. O estudo foi não experimental, descritivo, de campo e seção transversal. Avaliaram-se 22 laboratórios entre públicos e privados do estado Carabobo. Foram distribuídos a cada laboratórios 5 soros controle (SC) nível I (NI) y 5 soros controle nível II (NII) para a glicose e creatinina. Foi avaliada a imprecisão intra e inter-laboratórios, o desvio percentual relativo e o erro total dos resultados. Não houve LC com competência para a determinação de glicose e creatinina em ambos os níveis testados. Apenas 3 (13,3%) LC foram competentes na determinação de creatinina no NI e NII. Conclui-se que os resultados obtidos nos SC de glicose e creatinina não podem ser transferíveis entre os diferentes LC, por isso é importante implementar programas de controle de qualidade intralaboratórios ou melhorar os já existentes para eliminar erros sistemáticos e reduzir os aleatórios; bem como se torna necessária a participação em PAEQ, para determinar a universalização dos resultados emitidos pelos LC.

Proteinuria y microalbuminuria / Proteinuria and microalbuminuria

Resumen:La barrera de filtración glomerular está formada por tres capas: el endotelio fenestrado, la membrana basal glomerular y las células epiteliales especializadas, llamadas podocitos. El contenido de proteínas en la orina es muy bajo y consiste primariamente de albúmina y de otras proteínas. La alteración de los componentes de la barrera de filtración puede resultar en la proteinuria clínica. La proteinuria usualmente refleja un incremento de la permeabilidad glomerular para la albúmina y otras proteínas. Hay varios tipos de proteinuria.Las relaciones albumina/creatinina (RAC) y proteína/creatinina (RPC) en orina son marcadores importantes de daño renal. No obstante, varias guías de manejo recomiendan la identificación y cuantificación de la proteinuria usando RAC de preferencia a RPC. Además, algunas guías de manejo recomiendan repetir la medición de RAC en la identificación inicial de la albuminuria para evitar el sobrediagnóstico debido a cambios transitorios en la albuminuria.

Abstract:The glomerular filtration barrier is made up of three layers: the fenestrated endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane and the specialized epitelial cells, podocytes. The final urine protein content is very low and consists primarily of plasma albumin and other proteins. Perturbation of the components of the filtration barrier can results in the clinical proteinuria. Proteinuria usually reflects an increase in glomerular permeability for albumin and other proteins. There are several types of proteinuria.Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and protein/creatinine (PCR) are important markers of kidney damage,However several management guidelines recommend identification and quantification of proteinuria using ACR in preference to PCR. In addition, some guidelines recommend repeating ACR measurements for initial identification of albuminuria to avoid over diagnosis due to transient albuminuria changes.